What is the difference among VIRT, RES, and SHR ?

VIRT stands for the virtual size of a process, which is the sum of memory it is actually using, memory it has mapped into itself (for instance the video card's RAM for the X server), files on disk that have been mapped into it (most notably shared libraries), and memory shared with other processes. VIRT represents how much memory the program is able to access at the present moment. 

RES stands for the resident size, which is an accurate representation of how much actual physical memory a process is consuming. (This also corresponds directly to the %MEM column) This will virtually always be less than the VIRT size, since most programs depend on the C or other library.

SHR indicates how much of the VIRT size is actually sharable memory or libraries. In the case of libraries, it does not necessarily mean that the entire library is resident. For example, if a program only uses a few functions in a library, the whole library is mapped and will be counted in VIRT and SHR, but only the parts of the library file containing the functions being used will actually be loaded in and be counted under RES.

Linux sed command example

Linux sed command example

Now we are going to try some examples. All examples are also considered as tutorials. When needed we have explained the  command of given examples.

Sed basic syntax

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sed 'pattern' file sed -e 'pattern' file sed -n 'pattern' file

1. First command used very simply. To search we just need to give it an string.
2. -e options can be used for multiple pattern
3. -n Does not output in the terminal. Wait for print command.

First Example of sed

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sed 's/pcspeech/pc speech/' reg   #Output This is enough for regex. pc speech pcspeech pcspeech

This command finding pcspeech word and replacing with pc speech.

1. sed (the built-in command).
2. The pattern enclosed within single quote.
3. s for substitute the line.
4. Delimited the substitution with slash.
5. The target word or characters or even sentence.
6. Delimited the searching word again.
7. The word to be replaced and delimited.
8. The target file.

Replacing Globally

Sed find the pattern for once in every line. But it does not replace the every found string(see previous example). In this case we need to give it address range. For example, Globally to replace all found strings.

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sed 's/pcspeech/pc speech/g' reg   #output This is enough for regex. pc speech pc speech pc speech

Delete the lines using sed command

If the pattern found then delete the lines(goes to next line automatically. We can do this with d ).

1	sed '/pcspeech/d' reg

Multiple Commands in sed

We can run multiple commands at a time in two way. 1) Terminating the command with semicolon 2)With option -e.

1	sed 's/pcspeech/pc speech/g; s/1337/ninja/' reg

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sed -e 's/pcspeech/pc speech/g > /1337/d > s/computer/pc/' reg

Only look at specific lines

1 2	sed '3s/pcspeech/pc speech/g' reg sed '3,10s/pcspeech/pc speech/g' reg

First command only search pattern at line 3.

Second Command the search start from line 3 and end at line 10 then replace the string.

Removing blank lines with sed

If we have unnecessary blank lines then we can remove these lines easily with sed. Here is an example

1	sed '/^$/d' reg

Don’t print if found

This is called negating(!) command in sed. Normally sed print all lines but when we negate the sed command this will ignore the line.

1	sed -n '/pcspeech/!p' reg

If the pcspeech found in any line of the text file reg.txt then the line would not printed as we have negated it with !p.

Sed command Branching

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sed -n '{/pcspeech/b mybranch; :mybranch /guys/p}' reg

sed Recalling

1	echo "good is mood" | sed 's/.od/"&"/g'

This command matching anything before before the dot. This will match aaas,aod,aood etc. Also we are recalling the expression with &.

Saving the modified data to a file

1	sed 's/pcspeech/pc speech/gw reg1.txt' reg

This command replacing the word globally(g) and w used to tell that we want to save it toreg1.txt file.

Using different delimiter

We mostly seen the delimiter is forward slash. Sometime forward slash make the pattern hard to read the command if we escaped any other special characters using backslash. The easiest solutions for this :

1	sed 's!string!string!

So  if we want to do something with /etc/passwd, for example changing the default shell then it would be like this

1	sed 's!/bin/bash!/seen/ash!' /etc/passwd

[padding right=”0%” left=”5%”]

How it is working

1. s for substitution.
2. ! used for alternative delimiter whereas mostly used forward slash as delimiter. We used ! to make it more readable since backslash with forward slash will make it harder to read.
3. The default shell we want to replace is /bin/bash
4. Delimited with ! .
5. The replaced string(shell) is /seen/ash
6. Last delimitation with ! .
7. The target file /etc/passwd

[/padding]

If we want to do same thing in hard way , then it will be look like this:

1	sed 's/\/bin\/bash/\/seen\/ash/' /etc/passwd

This command performing same task but it looks more horrible!

More delete with Linux sed command

Delete the first line

1	sed '1d' reg

Delete  line 1-3 of lines

1	sed '1,3d' reg

Delete the line if found the search pattern

1	sed '/pcspeech/d' reg

Append/Insert/Read with sed command

Append a line at the end

1	sed '$a\Something different' reg

Usually append command append a line after the data stream if we don’t specify an address. For example

1	echo "What the" | sed 'a\hell'

We can also append a line after specific line number

1	sed '2a\Something different' reg

Insert command insert the line before all line. For example

1	echo "What the" | sed 'i\hell'

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echo -e "I am pcspeech\nwho are you?\nwhat the hell" | sed 'i\inserted line'   #output inserted line I am pcspeech inserted line who are you? inserted line what the hell

Better idea is to specify an address

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echo -e "I am pcspeech\nwho are you?\nwhat the hell" | sed '1i\inserted line'   echo -e "I am pcspeech\nwho are you?\nwhat the hell" | sed '$i\inserted line'

Read from file

1	sed '2r reg1.txt' reg

See the Last line

What if you want to print only last line?

1	sed -n '$p' reg

Cleaning up html tags from a file

1	sed 's/<[^>]*>//g ; /^$/d'